{"id":26784,"date":"2023-12-12T16:12:55","date_gmt":"2023-12-12T14:12:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/?p=26784"},"modified":"2023-12-12T16:20:58","modified_gmt":"2023-12-12T14:20:58","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/26784\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"

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2- \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629: <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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4- \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646:<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

1- \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646: <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0627(1491-1556) \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1540. \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 . \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629: \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0627\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0648\u0639\u0638 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0634\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627. \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0646 \u0647\u0648 ” \u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631” \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 25000 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 . \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645 64 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627. \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1644 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1657 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u2013 \u0643\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 . \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0636\u063a\u0637\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0636\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 (1769- 1774) \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 . \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 ( 1800- 1823) \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1814.<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

2- \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u063a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646:<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0632\u064a (1182-1226) \u0633\u0646\u0629 1209. \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0647\u064a: <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0623 – \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u063a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/span>\u060c \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 23000 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0645\u0646 96 \u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629. <\/b><\/span>
\n \u0628 – \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u063a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0648\u0634\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/span>\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 12000 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627.<\/b><\/span>
\n \u062c – \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u063a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/span>\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 4100 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628. \u064a\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629\u060c
\n<\/b><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/span> (\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627). \u0627\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1213\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 11300 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0633\u0629. <\/b><\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 <\/span>1221, \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 , \u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627 , \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 . <\/b><\/span>
\n\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627 . \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 , \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 … \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647.<\/b><\/span>
\n \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1450 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 . \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u063a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 8 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 6 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0635\u0627. <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

3- \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u063a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646:<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631 . \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647. <\/b><\/span>
\n\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0641\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1626\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u0641 \u062f\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 . \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 11000 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 37 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 6 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 . \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0632\u064a\u0631 (1875-1954). \u0627\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629: \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 (\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0643) \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a ( \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641…). \u0648\u0645\u0622\u0648\u064a \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643). \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1949.<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

4- \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646<\/span> :<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0644 . \u062b\u0628\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a 12 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1639 . \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 : \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0638 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 . \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a \u060c \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f ( \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631). \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u060c \u0625\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0646 0 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 ). <\/b><\/span>
\n\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1763 , \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0648 , \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 , \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627 \u0644\u0647 . \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 4300\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 , \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 90 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 7 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 . <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

5 – \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0629 : <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 . \u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0627\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0644 ( \u062d\u064a\u0641\u0627 ) . \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0633( 1205 \u20131214) <\/b><\/span>
\n . \u0623\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 , \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 . \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 , \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 (1515 – 1582) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u0648\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a (1542-1591) \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a(1562 \u2013 1568) \u0647\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/b><\/span>
\n\u0648\u0641\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1643 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0631\u062c\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0629 (1633 \u2013 1644) , \u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 . \u0641\u0642\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0627 , \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627 , \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 , \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1645 . \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 3500 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 , \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 31 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 5 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 .<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

6 – \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0633\u062a :<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 ( 480 \u2013 547 ) . \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0629 , \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645 ( 1024 \u2013 1110 ) \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0629 . \u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0631\u0636 ( \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0648) \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1098 . \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0648 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 , \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0635\u0645\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 , \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 . \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0633 ( 1090 \u2013 1153 ) \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0648 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0633\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1112 . \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649 ( \u0633\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631 ) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 . \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0633\u062a , \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0647 1664 .<\/b><\/span>
\n\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 : \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 , \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 , \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0629 , \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 , \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0628\u0646 . \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 , \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1985 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0646 ( \u0643\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 ) \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0627 ( \u0643\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 ) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0637\u0646 3 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 , \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 . \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 3000 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0648 1800 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0629 . <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

7 – \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a :<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u0648\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 ( 1815 \u2013 1888 ) \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1854 . \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 , \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 , \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a . \u062a\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 .<\/b><\/span>
\n\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1952 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a , \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646 , \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1977 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 , \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0646 ( \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644 ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1957 . \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 150 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627 , \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 17600 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 .<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

8 – \u0627\u062e\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 :<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0644 ( 1651 \u2013\u00a0 1719<\/b><\/span>) \u062a\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627 .<\/b><\/span>
\n\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1886 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 , \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 6 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 . \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 8400 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 , \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 79 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627 . <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

9 – \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 :<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 ( 1789 -1840 ) \u0633\u0646\u0629 1817 . \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647\u0645 . \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1868 . \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 6000 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 , \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 17 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627 , \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 5 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 . <\/b><\/span>
\n<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

1 – \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a :<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a , \u0627\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646 \u063a\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1736 , \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 . \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0646\u0629 , \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1984 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0646 , \u0628\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064a , \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0639\u0649 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 , \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 . \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646 ) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a 23 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1914 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 17 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1985 . \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 120 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 6 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

2 – \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a:<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0643 ( 1843 \u2013 1931 ) \u0633\u0646\u0629 1895 , \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641\u0627 . \u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646 . \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644 , \u062b\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1896 . \u0647\u064a \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 , \u062f\u0639\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629 . \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 340 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 78 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627.-<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

3 – \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a:<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0642\u0644 ( 1890 \u2013 1959 ) \u0641\u064a 17 \u0627\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1935 , \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0639\u062a \u2013 \u0643\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 . \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 , \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0622\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0627\u0641\u0629 000 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 130 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0646 \u0641\u064a 12 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 . <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

4 – \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a:<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0647 ( 1925 000) \u0633\u0633\u0646\u0629 1966 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u2013 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 ( \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0622\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627 ) . \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 . \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 50 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 : \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u2013 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u062a \u062d\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 , \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1969 . <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

1- \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629:<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0637\u0648\u0633 \u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u064a\u062f\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1722\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a. \u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0646\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a. <\/b><\/span>
\n\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627. \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 70 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0651\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 . <\/b><\/span>
\n<\/b><\/h2>\n

2 – \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a :<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f . \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0644\u062a \u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a , \u0628\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0646 , \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0649\u0621 , \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0644 , \u0633\u0646\u0629 1732 . \u0648\u0641\u064a 24 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 1830 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 , \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 . \u062a\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a 9 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0644\u0647\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 . \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a 25 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 , \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 150 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0629.<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

3 – \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a:<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0626\u063a \u0628\u0645\u0624\u0622\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 , \u0641\u064a 28 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 1936 , \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062b\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 , \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0635\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0627 , \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 . \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 . \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 86 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a 81 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631.<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

4 – \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629:<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0628\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643 ( 1893 \u2013 1968 ) , \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0639 , \u0633\u0646\u0629 1954 . \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0652 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 , \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0628\u0643 . \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 31 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 , \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a .<\/b><\/span>
\n\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0627 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

5 – \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646: <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627 , \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0631\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641 , \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644 , \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627 : \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1843 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0632\u062d\u0644\u0629 . \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0641\u064a\u0627 , \u0633\u0646\u0629 1853 . \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1874 \u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0641\u064a\u0627 , \u0633\u0646\u0629 1853 . \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1874 \u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 . \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 , \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a , \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 480 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 74 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

6 – \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0629:<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0637\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 ( \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1838 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0647\u062f\u0646\u064a ) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0633 , \u0639\u0627\u0645 1885 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 . \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 , \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 . \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 292 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629. <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

7 – \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a:<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0648\u0634\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0632\u064a\u0631 (1875 \u2013 1954 ) \u0633\u0646\u0629 1949 . \u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a , \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0643 , \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0645\u0622\u0648\u064a ( \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 , \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0628 , \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1950 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0647\u0645 …) . \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 250 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 20 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

8 – \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a:<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0644 ( 1581 \u2013 1660 ) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0632 \u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0643 (1591 \u2013 1660 ) \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1633 . \u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627 , \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 , \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0622\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0627\u0641\u0629 , \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 , \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 . \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 45000 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 , \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0646 250 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0637\u0627<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

9 – \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u2013 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f:<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 , \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1869 , \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0633 ( \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062f\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633 ) \u0648\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0633 ( \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0645 ) \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0643\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u062c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 . \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 , \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 , \u0648\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 , \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u062f , \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647 . \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630 11 \u2013 10 \u2013 1944 . \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f , \u0634\u064a\u062f\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1944 ) \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 ( \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f, \u0634\u064a\u062f\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1957 ) . \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 150 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0629 , \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0646 35 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/b><\/span>
\n<\/b><\/h2>\n

\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

1 – \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629:<\/span> <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a , \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u062f\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u062f , \u0633\u0646\u0629 1958 , \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a , \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0637\u062d\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1966 . \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a , \u0643\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629 , \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0639\u064a\u062a \u0628 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 , \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0637\u062d\u0627 . \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a 14 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0629 , \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627.<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

2 – \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0646\u0633:<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0644 , \u0633\u0646\u0629 1847 . \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 , \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 21 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0645 . \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0649 110 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a .<\/b><\/span>
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 <\/p>\n

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