{"id":33857,"date":"2024-06-04T01:10:14","date_gmt":"2024-06-03T22:10:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/?p=33857"},"modified":"2024-06-13T12:39:20","modified_gmt":"2024-06-13T09:39:20","slug":"10-%d8%ad%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%b3-%d9%82%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%b1%d9%81%d9%82%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%aa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/33857\/","title":{"rendered":"10 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645 \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"

10 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645 \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/strong> <\/span><\/h2>\n

\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0635\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0643 \u060c\u060c\u064a\u0646\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0644 \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062d <\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0628\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u064a 23 \u200f\u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\u200f\u200f<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0648\u0628\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 17 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0648\u0628\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 10 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 (1832 – 1914)<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

1- \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 (1832 – 1859)<\/span><\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0623\u0628\u0635\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a 29 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1832<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627: \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0644.<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0642\u064e\u0628\u0650\u0644\u064e\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0633 \u0641\u064a 7 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1832\u060c \u0648\u062f\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0646\u0634\u0651\u0623\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0628\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0638\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0629. \u062a\u064f\u0648\u0641\u0651\u064a\u064e\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1839\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0628\u0651\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0648\u064e\u0642\u0639\u064e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0632\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1843 \u0644\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0651 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1847\u060c \u0641\u0622\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0632\u0648\u0651\u062c \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0628\u062f\u064e\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0631\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0639\u0629. \u0641\u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 (\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0647\u0627) \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u0651\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 (\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0627) \u0628\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064d \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u062d\u0632\u0650\u0646\u064e\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0650\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

2- \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a (1859 – 1871)<\/span><\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0637\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0630\u0647\u0628\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0651\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0644.<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0644\u062f\u0649 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u064e\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0641\u0631\u062d \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u0633\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0647: “\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0650 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0651\u0628\u064a\u0646”. \u0642\u064e\u0628\u0650\u0644\u064e\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u062f\u064e\u062e\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0631\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0636\u064e\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0632\u0645\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0634\u062d\u064e\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u062b\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a 19 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1861 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1862 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0651\u062a\u0629.<\/span><\/span>
\n\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u063a\u0632\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u064f\u0647\u0650\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u062e. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646, \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0651\u063a\u0628\u064a.<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0650\u0644\u0651 \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628.<\/span><\/span>
\n\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1860\u060c \u0623\u064f\u0631\u0633\u0650\u0644\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0651. \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0631\u0623\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0650\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0646\u0651\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u0628\u0651\u0623\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0646\u0642\u0630\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0651\u0645.<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0623\u0645\u0636\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0632\u064a\u0631. \u0633\u0646\u0629 1863\u060c \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0651\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0651\u0626\u0647\u0646\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0649\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1864 \u0646\u064f\u0642\u0650\u0644\u064e\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0650\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649. \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0629 – \u0628\u0643\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

3- \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 (1871 – 1914):<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 – \u0623\u064a\u0637\u0648 (1871 -1897)<\/span><\/span>
\n\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1871\u060c \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u062c\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0628 \u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0650\u062f\u064e\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0633\u064e\u0645\u0650\u0639\u064e\u062a \u0635\u0648\u062a\u0627\u064b \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627: “\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0650 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0651\u0628\u064a\u0646”. \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0649 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u062c\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627: “\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0651\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0647\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629”.<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0633\u064e\u0647\u0651\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 – \u0623\u064a\u0637\u0648. \u0641\u064e\u0642\u064f\u0628\u0650\u0644\u064e\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0650\u0633\u064e\u062a \u062b\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a 12 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632 1871\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u064e\u0630\u064e\u0631\u062a \u0646\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a 25 \u0622\u0628 1872\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u062a\u064a\u064e\u0645\u064f\u0651\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0623\u0645\u0636\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u2013 \u0623\u064a\u0637\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0650\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0634\u0651\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0645\u062a.<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1885\u060c \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0651\u064a\u060c \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0628 \u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0631\u0650\u0643\u064e\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0624\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u064e\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0621\u062a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644. \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629. \u0641\u0639\u0631\u0651\u062c\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0634 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0642\u0633 \u2013 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0650\u0636\u064e\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0649. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064e\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0623\u064b \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a: “\u0645\u0639 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0650\u0645\u064e\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0622\u062c\u0631\u0643”. \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u064f\u0633\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u062d\u064e\u0643\u064e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0651\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c.<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0635\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0650\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629: “\u0645\u0639 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d”.<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 – \u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0627 (1897 – 1914)<\/span><\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0647\u0631 – \u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1897\u060c \u062a\u064e\u0645\u0651 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0633\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0627 \u0636\u0648\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0646\u0651 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0635\u0631\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u064a\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0646\u0651 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0651 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0628\u0650\u0628\u0646\u064e\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0646 \u0625\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1899\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0641\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0644\u062a\u064f\u0636\u062d\u0650\u064a\u064e \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627. \u0639\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0651\u0639\u0629: \u0639\u0645\u064b\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0642\u064a\u064e \u0645\u064f\u0634\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0636\u0651\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u064e\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u061b \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0643\u0651 \u0648\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u062c\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u061b \u063a\u064e\u0631\u0650\u0642\u064e \u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u061b \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u062e\u0631\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0641\u0651\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0628\u062f\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0638\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062c\u0644\u062f\u061b<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u064e \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u062f\u064e\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064e\u062d\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0628\u0650\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0650\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0650\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0633\u0628\u0650\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0650\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0651 \u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0650\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0631\u064e\u0642\u064e\u062f\u064e\u062a \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a 23 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 1914\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641-\u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0636\u064e\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0648\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0633\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0651\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u064f\u0631\u064e\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639. \u062f\u064f\u0641\u0650\u0646\u064e\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631. \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0623\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064e\u062a\u0650\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0648\u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u064a 10 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632 1927 \u0646\u064f\u0642\u0650\u0644\u064e\u062a \u0631\u064f\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 23 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 1925\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 16 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631 1926<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0647\u0631 – \u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635\u0651 \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627:<\/span><\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a:<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0645\u064f\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a 11 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 1982\u060c \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0637\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a 17 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a 1985\u060c \u0648\u0642\u064f\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0650\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0633\u060c \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2000<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0631\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0630\u0627\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0650\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a 10 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2001. \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645:<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0644\u0648\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0633\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a (1804-1884) \u0641\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0644\u0651\u064a (1818-1902) \u0627\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627<\/span><\/span>
\n\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 (1605-1667) \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 …\"\ud83d\ude4f\"<\/span>\"\ud83e\udd0d\"<\/span>\"\ud83c\udf39\"<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0643\u0645. – \u063a\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u062f \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 10 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 2001<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0623\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0646\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0628\u0651\u062a\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0651 \u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0645:<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

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\u00a0\u0625\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0645\u0646\u062d\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u00a0\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d \u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0631\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0643 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u064b:<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u00a0\u064a\u0627 \u0631\u0628\u0651\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u064a\u0626\u062a\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0633\u0629.<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0622\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0632\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0648 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0632\u064a\u0631\u064a (1801-1852) \u0628\u064a\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0648\u060c \u0627\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648<\/span><\/span>\u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0633 (1832-1914) \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646.<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0645\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 (\u0628\u0627\u0630\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645).<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

10 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645 \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0635\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0643 \u060c\u060c\u064a\u0646\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0644 \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062d \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u064a 23 \u200f\u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631\u200f\u200f \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a 17 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":33858,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[574],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-33857","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-23---"],"blocksy_meta":[],"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/rafka3-e1717452775860.jpg","author_info":{"display_name":"admin","author_link":"https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/author\/jessica\/"},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/rafka3-e1717452775860.jpg",505,606,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/rafka3-e1717452775860-300x300.jpg",300,300,true],"medium":["https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/rafka3-e1717452775860-500x600.jpg",500,600,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/rafka3-e1717452775860.jpg",505,606,false],"large":["https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/rafka3-e1717452775860.jpg",505,606,false],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/rafka3-e1717452775860.jpg",505,606,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/rafka3-e1717452775860.jpg",505,606,false],"ultp_layout_landscape_large":["https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/rafka3-e1717452775860.jpg",505,606,false],"ultp_layout_landscape":["https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/rafka3-e1717452775860.jpg",475,570,false],"ultp_layout_portrait":["https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/rafka3-e1717452775860.jpg",505,606,false],"ultp_layout_square":["https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/rafka3-e1717452775860.jpg",500,600,false],"audioigniter_cover":["https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/rafka3-e1717452775860-505x560.jpg",505,560,true]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"admin","author_link":"https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/author\/jessica\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"10 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645 \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0635\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0643 \u060c\u060c\u064a\u0646\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0644 \u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062d \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 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\u0648\u0628\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649…","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33857","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=33857"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33857\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/33858"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=33857"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=33857"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=33857"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}