{"id":36079,"date":"2024-08-16T21:06:15","date_gmt":"2024-08-16T18:06:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/?p=36079"},"modified":"2024-08-18T20:57:11","modified_gmt":"2024-08-18T17:57:11","slug":"%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%83%d9%8a-%d9%83%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b3-%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/peregabriel.org\/saintamaria\/36079\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0643\u064a – \u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u062c\u0645\u064e\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/strong> \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064e\u062c\u0645\u064e\u0639 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0641\u0651\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0638\u064e\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u0646.<\/span><\/h2>\n

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\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0645\u064e\u0642\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u064e\u0645\u062d\u064e\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0642\u0631.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

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\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0650\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 (1750 – 1779)\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064d \u062c\u064e\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u064e\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0650\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u063a\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0649\u00a0 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u0641\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0629\u00a0 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0646 (1766-1793).<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1786 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u062c\u0645\u064e\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0643\u064f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u064e\u0646\u0651\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u064e\u062d\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 1823\u060c \u0643\u064f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0641\u064e\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0630 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0634 (1823-1845) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u064e\u0642\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0647.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u064a\u0648\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1890 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u064e\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u064f\u062c\u062f\u0651\u064e\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u064f\u0636\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0642\u0650\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0650\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0641\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0622\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a. \u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u064e\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u064f\u0642\u0634\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0647\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064e\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632: “\u0645\u064e\u062c\u062f\u064f \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064f\u0639\u0637\u064a\u064e \u0644\u0647<\/strong>” \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b : \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629..<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u064e\u062f\u062a \u0645\u064f\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0643\u064a”\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u064e\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0634\u0639\u064a\u0627 2:35 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u0642\u0631\u0623: “\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0636\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0627\u062d\u0644\u0629. \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: \u0633\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0631… \u0645\u064e\u062c\u062f\u064f \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064f\u0639\u0637\u064a\u064e \u0644\u0647”.<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647 ” \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629”<\/span> \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: “\u0645\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646… \u0644\u0647”<\/strong>. “… \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0650\u062d\u064a\u062b\u064f \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062e\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u064e \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u064a\u0637\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u061b \u0623\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062e\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u064e\u062a\u0652 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0644\u0651\u064e \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u064e\u0642\u064e\u0645\u064c \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u064e\u062d\u062f\u064e\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u063a\u0627\u062b\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u064e\u0631\u0650\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0645\u0651\u0650\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u062e\u064e\u0631\u0650\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0623\u064a\u0651\u064f \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u062d \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u061f!…”.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u064e\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u062d \u062a\u064f\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0635\u0651\u064a\u0629 (400x\u00a0<\/span> 500 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u0645) \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0651\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0645\u064e\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621.. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0645.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u064e\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1970\u060c \u0623\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064e\u060c \u0628\u0625\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0632\u064d \u0645\u0646\u0647\u060c \u062a\u064e\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u064e\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0643\u064f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0644\u0651\u064e \u0628\u0650\u062d\u0644\u0651\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1982\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0650\u0646\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0629.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0635\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062c\u0650\u0646\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064e\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u064e\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0627\u064b\u00a0\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0645\u064f\u0632\u062e\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2000 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064e\u0631\u062d \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0635\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0646.. \u062e\u064f\u0635\u0650\u0651\u0635\u064e\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u064e\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0632\u0644.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0639\u064e\u0645\u064e\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u064e\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u064f\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u062c\u0646\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u064f\u0644\u0651\u064f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u0650\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u062d\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u063a\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0650\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064f\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.. \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064b: \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u201c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062e\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0629 \u062a\u064e\u0631\u0645\u064f\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u064e\u0631\u0645\u064f\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0630\u0651\u064f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0645\u060c<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064e\u0648\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0646\u064f\u0642\u0634 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u0647: ”\u00a0\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631”.<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u064e\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u064a\u062f\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064e\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0643\u064a<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0634 (1823-1845)\u060c\u00a0<\/strong>\u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u064e\u0642\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0634\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0633\u064e\u0643\u0646\u0650\u0647\u0645.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u062c\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0622\u0644 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0634\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u064f\u0641\u0635\u0651\u064e\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064e\u0646\u0651\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0648\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 (1845-1854)<\/strong>\u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0641\u064e\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0636\u0631\u063a\u0627\u0645 (1733-1742) \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 (1756-1766)\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1791\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0633. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0646 \u0646\u064e\u0645\u064f\u0631\u0651\u064e \u0628\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0650\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u064e\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062f\u064e\u062e\u064e\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0633\u0650\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0646\u0648\u062a \u0645\u064f\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u064e\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1814 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1830\u060c \u0645\u064f\u062a\u0631\u0626\u0633\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649\u00a0\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0644\u0629\u00a0\u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064e\u0631\u0642\u064e\u0629.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1830 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0634 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u064a\u062e \u0622\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0648\u062c\u0651\u064e\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0625\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0641\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0645\u0643\u0651\u064e\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0641\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0631\u0634\u0651\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629\u064b \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0642\u0651\u064e\u0639\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u064e\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0644\u0651\u064e \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1845.<\/span><\/h2>\n

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\u00a0\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0649 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 “\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0651\u064a\u0646” \u0633\u0646\u0629 1860 \u0631\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u0639\u062f \u064a\u064e\u062d\u0650\u0636\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0624\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064f\u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u062d \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u064f\u0642\u062f \u0645\u064e\u062c\u0645\u064e\u0639 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 11 \u0648 13 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 1856 \u0628\u0650\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0635\u0650\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0623\u062a\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u062c\u0645\u064e\u0639 \u0645\u064f\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u062c\u0645\u064e\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u00ab\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u064f\u0636\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627\u00bb \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u064e \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u062f\u0644\u062a \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u062c\u0645\u064e\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u064f\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0650\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u064f\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u062c\u0645\u064e\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u00a0\u064a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/span><\/h2>\n

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\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u0633\u0646\u0629 1890<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u062e\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0641\u064f\u0647\u064f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u064a\u0648\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c (1890-1898) \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0627<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0628\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 1818. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a 28 \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1890 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0651\u064e\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0648\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631 (1878-1903) \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u062f\u0650\u0631\u0650\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a 23 \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u060c \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0639\u0632 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u064f\u0641\u0635\u0651\u064e\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u064e\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0647.<\/span><\/h2>\n

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\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0646\u0628\u0623 \u0645\u064e\u0635\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0634\u062a\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u064f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u062d\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0647 “\u0643\u064f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u062c\u0652\u062f\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062f\u0650\u0629 \u0642\u064e\u0646\u0651\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646” \u0643\u064a \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0642\u064e\u0646\u0651\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0650\u0644\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0650\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1916\u060c \u0641\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0650\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628. \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1920\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064f\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0628\u0650\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0643\u060c “\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631” \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0651\u064f\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0635\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629.. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u064e\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644: “\u0633\u0623\u0628\u0630\u0644 \u062c\u064f\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a”.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 “\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631” \u0645\u064f\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1919\u060c \u0625\u0630\u060c \u0646\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0641\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0639\u064e\u0645\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0648\u0641\u062f\u064d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u064a \u0641\u064a 13 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 1919. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u062f \u0645\u064f\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0643 \u0648\u0641\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1931\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064d \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 “\u0645\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646”\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a 24 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 1931\u060c \u0631\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0647 \u0628\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0648\u062f\u064f\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u064f\u0642\u0644 \u062c\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1936 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064f\u0645\u0651 \u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064e\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0651\u0650\u0633 \u062c\u064e\u0645\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0646\u0651\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062f\u0651\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b: “\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0650\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646”.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0631\u0645\u064e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629:<\/span><\/h2>\n

“\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u064e\u0631\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0625\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 1843<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0646\u0629 1870<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1889<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1895<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0646\u0629 1899<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0631\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628 \u0633\u0646\u06291931″.<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u00a0\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/span><\/h2>\n

“\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u064e\u062f \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064f\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0650\u0634\u0652\u0639\u0644. \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062e 48\/1”.<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u064e\u062c\u062f\u064e\u0643 \u064a\u0627 \u0625\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u062e\u0631\u064c \u0643\u0641\u062e\u0631\u0643. \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062e 48\/4.<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0650\u062f\u0651\u064e\u062a\u0650\u0647\u060c \u0648\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062f\u064e \u0642\u0644\u0628\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628. \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062e 48\/1.<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0643 \u0648\u0644\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u062e\u0631\u064e \u0645\u064f\u0635\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0650\u0643\u064e. \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062e 48\/11″.<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0636\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0636\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0643\u0644\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064f\u0648\u064e\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064f\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0643.. \u0625\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u064f\u0635\u0628\u064e \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u064f\u0646\u0650\u0639 \u0625\u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0651\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1934\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0650\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u064e\u0633\u0645 \u0625\u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0648\u0648\u0646.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2013 \u0641\u064f\u062a\u062d\u062a \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2020 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0651 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064e\u062c\u0645\u064e\u0639 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2019\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0651\u064e\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064e\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0643 \u0645\u064f\u0643\u0631\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 (1899-1931)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0631\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0628\u0646\u064e\u0629 “\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0650\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0633\u064e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a”\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u064e\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0633\u064e\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0638\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011 \u0628\u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.. \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0627\u064a – \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1919.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u00a0\u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064b (1932-1955)\u060c<\/strong>\u00a0\u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0648\u0645 17 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a 1932 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u064a\u062f \u0634\u0641\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064e\u0646\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u064f\u0641\u0635\u0651\u064e\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u00a0\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0639\u0647 \u062b\u0645 \u062f\u064f\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647.<\/span><\/h2>\n

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\u0648\u064e\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0631\u0645 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1917. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1919 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u064f\u0648\u0641\u0650\u062f\u064e \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0642\u0651\u064f\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0651\u064e \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0633. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u064e\u062c\u0645\u064e\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0631\u064f\u0642\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 8 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1934. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u064f\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0634\u064a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064e\u0639\u064f\u062f \u0633\u0650\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 (1932-1955) \u062a\u064e\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646… \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645 \u0645\u064e\u062c\u0645\u064e\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u062c\u0645\u064e\u0639 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u064f\u0631\u0634\u0651\u064e\u062d \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u062b\u064e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0650\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 (1939-1958) \u064a\u064e\u0639\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0648\u0634\u064a.. \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a 25 \u0627\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u00a0 1955. \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064e\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0650\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0637\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u063a\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u062c\u0645\u064e\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a\u0646 1963\u00a0 \u06481965. \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062e\u0650\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u062c\u0645\u064e\u0639 \u0641\u064a 22 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 1965 \u0645\u064e\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 (1963-1978) \u0631\u0650\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u062c\u0645\u064e\u0639 \u0645\u064f\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0633\u0651\u064e\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u062c\u0645\u064e\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1736.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0634\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064e\u062a\u062d \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0633. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u064e\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u064a \u0641\u064a 11 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1975 \u0648\u062f\u064f\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u064f\u064a\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u064f\u0642\u0644 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 .<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u00a0\u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u00a0\u0639\u0627\u0645\u00a02011\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0638\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c “\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u00a0<\/em>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u00a0\u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a<\/em>“.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0634\u064a\u00a0\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 (1975-1986)\u060c<\/strong>\u00a0\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u064a \u0641\u064a 19 \u0622\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1994 \u0648\u062f\u064f\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u062d.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1907\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0651\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 h\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0651\u064e \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064d \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0633 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0628\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0634\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u062e\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 2 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 1975\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0646\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0639 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0630 \u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (1972-2005) \u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 2 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 1983\u060c \u0645\u0650\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0644\u0647 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u062c\u0645\u064e\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645 29 \u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 1983.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0648 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0633 \u0641\u064a 17 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a 1985\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0637\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0633 \u0634\u0631\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0633 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 “\u0625\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629”\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0633 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 “\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621”.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u00a0\u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u00a0\u0639\u0627\u0645\u00a0<\/u>2011\u00a0\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0638\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u064f\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u064f\u064a\u0651\u0650\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u064f\u062f\u0628\u0651\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0645\u064e\u062c\u0645\u064e\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0635\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u062c\u0645\u064e\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 1986.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 19 \u0622\u0628 1994\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u062f\u064f\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0648\u062f\u064e\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0631\u064d \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0647 \u0631\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/span><\/h2>\n

“\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0634<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f\u064e \u0641\u064a \u0639\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a 20\/9\/1907<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0633\u064f\u064a\u0651\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a 12\/4\/1930<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064f\u062e\u0650\u0628\u064e \u0645\u064f\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u064e\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a 15\/10\/1950<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0639\u064f\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 25\/11\/1957<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064f\u062e\u0628 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a 3\/2\/1975<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0639\u064f\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a 2\/2\/1983<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 3\/4\/1986<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a 19\/8\/1994″.<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0635\u0641\u064a\u0631 (1986-2011)<\/strong>\u00a0\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0631\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1920\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064e\u0633\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0645 \u0639\u0635\u0627 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062c \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0644\u0651\u064e \u0635\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u064f\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2011\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0634\u064a \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0646\u064e \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0631\u062a \u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0635\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062a “\u0645\u064e\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629” \u0639\u0627\u0645 1990\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a” \u0639\u0627\u0645 1992 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1997\u060c \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062d\u0646\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u062c\u0645\u064e\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2003 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00a02006\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2010.\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0645\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0632\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e 2010 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 1600 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631.<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0633\u064e\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u00a0\u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u00a0\u0639\u0627\u0645\u00a02011\u00a0\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0638\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629: “\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062d\u064e\u0642\u064e\u0642\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u062c\u0631\u062a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629: \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e \u0627\u0633\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 (1990)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 (1995) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0637\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0621\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u00a0\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 (1997)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e\u062c\u0645\u064e\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a (2003 – 2006)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 (2010).<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 1912 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0631 2019\u060c \u0648\u062f\u064f\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0648\u062f\u064e\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0631\u064d \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0647 \u0631\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0628\u0643\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u00a0\u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a (2011-)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a 15 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2011. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0650\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a25 \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1940\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1953. \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0650\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643.. \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0645 1986\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1990\u060c \u0645\u064f\u062a\u0631\u0626\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0647\u0648\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643.<\/span><\/h2>\n

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    \n
  1. \n

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